Nickan Research Institute Journal of Parathyroid Disease 2345-6558 10 1 2022 01 01 An updated mini-review on the impact of lithium therapy on the parathyroid glands function and structure e11171 e11171 10.34172/jpd.2022.11171 EN Sepideh Yadollahifarsani https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6671-4263 Parisa Soleimani https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3891-1064 Journal Article 10.34172/jpd.2022.11171 2022 08 23 2022 10 16 Bipolar disorders are among the most significant neuropsychiatric conditions, affecting many people annually worldwide. Despite being accepted as one of the most effective treatments for this illness, lithium, like any other medicine, is associated with a number of adverse effects. Lithium’s adverse effects are divided into acute and chronic categories. The acute effects include renal, thyroid, and parathyroid dysfunction and hypercalcemia, while the chronic effects involve parathyroid hyperplasia and adenoma, among others. This paper will discuss the physiopathology, prevalence, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment of lithium’s adverse effects.