Nickan Research Institute Journal of Parathyroid Disease 2345-6558 9 1 2021 01 01 An update on the mechanism and therapeutic implications of, pregnancy and lactation-associated osteoporosis; a narrative review e01 e01 EN Sara Bahadoram Mohammad Davoodi Bijan Keikhaei https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3087-7650 Mohammad Bahadoram https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7106-9799 Journal Article 2020 05 05 2020 07 17 Pregnancy and lactation-associated osteoporosis is a rare form of osteoporosis that occurs during last trimester of pregnancy and lactation, causing bone resorption. This leads to bone fractures especially in the spine and hip. Symptoms are severe low back pain and physical disability and height loss. Pregnancy and lactation–associated osteoporosis occurs in three main forms: Post pregnancy spinal osteoporosis, transient osteoporosis of the hip, heparin induced osteoporosis in pregnancy. The aim of this article is to review the forms of pregnancy and lactation-associated osteoporosis.